We were also motivated to test NST because it is a general model of perception and action, and the perception of speech and of music may take place via certain domain-general mechanisms. After briefly describing the central tenets of NST (see for a more complete description of the model), we describe below several similarities in the Verbal Transformation Effect and the Speech-to-Song Illusion that motivated us to test NST as an account of the Speech-to-Song Illusion. NST has also been used to account for the auditory illusion known as the Verbal Transformation Effect. NST has been used to account for normal memory and language processing (e.g., word retrieval and production ), dysfunctional processing (e.g., tip-of-the-tongue states ), the detection of speech errors, and differences in processing due to aging (e.g., ) or to certain cognitive deficits (e.g., amnesic-patient H.M. Node Structure Theory (NST) is a connectionist model similar to (but distinct from in several very important ways) other spreading activation theories that describes the processes of perception (e.g., speech perception) and action (e.g., language production) see for a book-length treatise of this model. Rather than introduce a unique and idiosyncratic model with special mechanisms to account just for the Speech-to-Song Illusion we, in what follows, test whether Node Structure Theory can provide an account of the Speech-to-Song Illusion. The lack of an underlying account of the Speech-to-Song Illusion is unfortunate, because such an account has the potential to greatly increase our fundamental understanding of speech perception, music perception, and auditory processing more generally. Not only were participants indicating a subjective experience of the Speech-to-Song Illusion, but the brain also showed a different pattern of activation that included both speech and music processing areas of the brain.ĭespite observing the Speech-to-Song Illusion in other languages, observing neurological correlates of the illusion, and several studies examining which stimulus characteristics increase or decrease perception of the illusion, there is no account of the cognitive mechanism that underlies the Speech-to-Song Illusion. Six regions associated with pitch processing, vocalization, and auditory-motor integration, were more activated when the stimuli were perceived as being song-like rather than speech-like: anterior superior temporal gyrus bilaterally, right midposterior superior temporal gyrus, right lateral precentral gyrus, middle temporal gyrus bilaterally, left supramarginal gyrus, and left inferior frontal gyrus. ![]() Participants in an fMRI machine listened to phrases that they reported as either sounding like speech or sounding like song after repetition, even though all phrases were spoken. observed neurophysiological activity that corresponded to experiencing the illusion. In addition to behavioral studies of the Speech-to-Song Illusion, Tierney, et al. The illusion has also been observed in other languages including German and Mandarin, further demonstrating the robustness of the illusion. Since the initial report, the Speech-to-Song Illusion has been replicated with English phrases other than “sometimes behave so strangely”. When the spoken phrase “sometimes behave so strangely” was played over and over, listeners indicated that the stimulus changed from sounding like speech to sounding like song. Deutsch discovered the Speech-to-Song Illusion while making instructional recordings describing other musical illusions. Although this illusion was a well-known technique used by musicians who made loops of magnetic recording tape (e.g., “It’s gonna rain” by Steve Reich, 1965), the earliest report of this illusion in the scientific literature appeared in. After several repetitions of the spoken phrase, listeners report that the stimulus now sounds as if it is being sung instead of spoken. In the present set of studies, we examined the auditory illusion known as the Speech-to-Song Illusion, which is elicited by continuously repeating a spoken phrase, without changing the stimulus in any other way. ![]() Perceptual illusions in various modalities play an important role in increasing our fundamental understanding of perception and cognition. Finally, there are a number of illusions that are purely auditory in nature, including the Verbal Transformation Effect (VTE), phonemic restoration, and verbal satiation. There are also illusions that involve both the visual and auditory modalities, such as the ventriloquist illusion ( cf., ), and the McGurk effect ( see also ). Most people are familiar with visual illusions, some of which date back to Aristotle. Perceptual illusions occur when our percept does not match what is actually in the environment.
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